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class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><img src="">pygame快速入门<!----></h1> <!----> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><h1 id="pygame-快速入门"><a href="#pygame-快速入门" class="header-anchor">#</a> pygame 快速入门</h1> <h2 id="目标"><a href="#目标" class="header-anchor">#</a> 目标</h2> <ol><li>项目准备</li> <li>使用 <code>pygame</code> 创建图形窗口</li> <li>理解 <strong>图像</strong> 并实现图像绘制</li> <li>理解 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 和 <strong>游戏时钟</strong></li> <li>理解 <strong>精灵</strong> 和 <strong>精灵组</strong></li></ol> <h2 id="项目准备"><a href="#项目准备" class="header-anchor">#</a> 项目准备</h2> <ol><li>新建 <strong>飞机大战</strong> 项目</li> <li>新建一个 <code>hm_01_pygame入门.py</code></li> <li>导入 <strong>游戏素材图片</strong></li></ol> <p><strong>游戏的第一印象</strong></p> <ul><li>把一些 <strong>静止的图像</strong> 绘制到 <strong>游戏窗口</strong> 中</li> <li>根据 <strong>用户的交互</strong> 或其他情况，<strong>移动</strong> 这些图像，产生动画效果</li> <li>根据 <strong>图像之间</strong> 是否发生重叠，判断 <strong>敌机是否被摧毁</strong> 等其他情况</li></ul> <h2 id="_01-使用-pygame-创建图形窗口"><a href="#_01-使用-pygame-创建图形窗口" class="header-anchor">#</a> 01. 使用 <code>pygame</code> 创建图形窗口</h2> <h3 id="小节目标"><a href="#小节目标" class="header-anchor">#</a> 小节目标</h3> <ol><li>游戏的初始化和退出</li> <li>理解游戏中的坐标系</li> <li>创建游戏主窗口</li> <li>简单的游戏循环</li></ol> <blockquote><p>可以将图片素材 <strong>绘制</strong> 到 <strong>游戏的窗口</strong> 上，开发游戏之前需要先知道 <strong>如何建立游戏窗口</strong>！</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_1-1-游戏的初始化和退出"><a href="#_1-1-游戏的初始化和退出" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.1 游戏的初始化和退出</h3> <ul><li>要使用 <code>pygame</code> 提供的所有功能之前，需要调用 <code>init</code> 方法</li> <li>在游戏结束前需要调用一下 <code>quit</code> 方法</li></ul> <table><thead><tr><th>方法</th> <th>说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><code>pygame.init()</code></td> <td>导入并初始化所有 <code>pygame</code> 模块，使用其他模块之前，必须先调用 <code>init</code> 方法</td></tr> <tr><td><code>pygame.quit()</code></td> <td>卸载所有 <code>pygame</code> 模块，在游戏结束之前调用！</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/001_pygame%E7%9A%84init%E5%92%8Cquit.png" alt="001_pygame的init和quit-w254"></p> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> pygame

pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>init<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 游戏代码...</span>

pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>quit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-2-理解游戏中的坐标系"><a href="#_1-2-理解游戏中的坐标系" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.2 理解游戏中的坐标系</h3> <ul><li><strong>坐标系</strong> <ul><li><strong>原点</strong> 在 <strong>左上角</strong> <code>(0, 0)</code></li> <li><strong>x 轴</strong> 水平方向向 <strong>右</strong>，逐渐增加</li> <li><strong>y 轴</strong> 垂直方向向 <strong>下</strong>，逐渐增加</li></ul></li></ul> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/002_%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E7%AA%97%E5%8F%A3%E5%92%8C%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB.png" alt="002_游戏窗口和坐标系-w300"></p> <ul><li><p>在游戏中，<strong>所有可见的元素</strong> 都是以 <strong>矩形区域</strong> 来描述位置的</p> <ul><li>要描述一个矩形区域有四个要素：<code>(x, y) (width, height)</code></li></ul></li> <li><p><code>pygame</code> 专门提供了一个类 <code>pygame.Rect</code> 用于描述 <strong>矩形区域</strong></p></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code>Rect<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span> width<span class="token punctuation">,</span> height<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> Rect
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="media/15025046487919/003_pygame.Rect.png" alt="003_pygame.Rect-w382"></p> <p><strong>提示</strong></p> <ul><li><code>pygame.Rect</code> 是一个比较特殊的类，内部只是封装了一些数字计算</li> <li>不执行 <code>pygame.init()</code> 方法同样能够直接使用</li></ul> <h4 id="案例演练"><a href="#案例演练" class="header-anchor">#</a> 案例演练</h4> <p><strong>需求</strong></p> <ol><li>定义 <code>hero_rect</code> 矩形描述 <strong>英雄的位置和大小</strong></li> <li>输出英雄的 <strong>坐标原点</strong>（<code>x</code> 和 <code>y</code>）</li> <li>输出英雄的 <strong>尺寸</strong>（<strong>宽度</strong> 和 <strong>高度</strong>）</li></ol> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code>hero_rect <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Rect<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">120</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">126</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;坐标原点 %d %d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;英雄大小 %d %d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>width<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>height<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># size 属性会返回矩形区域的 (宽, 高) 元组</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;英雄大小 %d %d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>size<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-3-创建游戏主窗口"><a href="#_1-3-创建游戏主窗口" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.3 创建游戏主窗口</h3> <ul><li><code>pygame</code> 专门提供了一个 <strong>模块</strong> <code>pygame.display</code> 用于创建、管理 <strong>游戏窗口</strong></li></ul> <table><thead><tr><th>方法</th> <th>说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><code>pygame.display.set_mode()</code></td> <td>初始化游戏显示窗口</td></tr> <tr><td><code>pygame.display.update()</code></td> <td>刷新屏幕内容显示，稍后使用</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><strong><code>set_mode</code> 方法</strong></p> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code>set_mode<span class="token punctuation">(</span>resolution<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> flags<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> depth<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> Surface
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><ul><li><p><strong>作用</strong> —— 创建游戏显示窗口</p></li> <li><p><strong>参数</strong></p> <ul><li><code>resolution</code> 指定屏幕的 <code>宽</code> 和 <code>高</code>，默认创建的窗口大小和屏幕大小一致</li> <li><code>flags</code> 参数指定屏幕的附加选项，例如是否全屏等等，默认不需要传递</li> <li><code>depth</code> 参数表示颜色的位数，默认自动匹配</li></ul></li> <li><p><strong>返回值</strong></p> <ul><li><strong>暂时</strong> 可以理解为 <strong>游戏的屏幕</strong>，<strong>游戏的元素</strong> 都需要被绘制到 <strong>游戏的屏幕</strong> 上</li></ul></li> <li><p><strong>注意</strong>：必须使用变量记录 <code>set_mode</code> 方法的返回结果！因为：后续所有的图像绘制都基于这个返回结果</p></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 创建游戏主窗口</span>
screen <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_mode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">480</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">700</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-4-简单的游戏循环"><a href="#_1-4-简单的游戏循环" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.4 简单的游戏循环</h3> <ul><li>为了做到游戏程序启动后，<strong>不会立即退出</strong>，通常会在游戏程序中增加一个 <strong>游戏循环</strong></li> <li>所谓 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 就是一个 <strong>无限循环</strong></li> <li>在 <strong>创建游戏窗口</strong> 代码下方，增加一个无限循环
<ul><li>注意：<strong>游戏窗口不需要重复创建</strong></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 创建游戏主窗口</span>
screen <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_mode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">480</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">700</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 游戏循环</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">pass</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_02-理解-图像-并实现图像绘制"><a href="#_02-理解-图像-并实现图像绘制" class="header-anchor">#</a> 02. 理解 <strong>图像</strong> 并实现图像绘制</h2> <ul><li>在游戏中，能够看到的 <strong>游戏元素</strong> 大多都是 <strong>图像</strong> <ul><li><strong>图像文件</strong> 初始是保存在磁盘上的，如果需要使用，<strong>第一步</strong> 就需要 <strong>被加载到内存</strong></li></ul></li> <li>要在屏幕上 <strong>看到某一个图像的内容</strong>，需要按照三个步骤：
<ol><li>使用 <code>pygame.image.load()</code> <strong>加载图像的数据</strong></li> <li>使用 <strong>游戏屏幕</strong> 对象，调用 <code>blit</code> 方法 将图像绘制到指定位置</li> <li>调用 <code>pygame.display.update()</code> 方法更新整个屏幕的显示</li></ol></li></ul> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/004_%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD%E5%92%8C%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F.png" alt="004_加载和显示图像-w841"></p> <blockquote><p>提示：要想在屏幕上看到绘制的结果，就一定要调用 <code>pygame.display.update()</code> 方法</p></blockquote> <h3 id="代码演练-i-绘制背景图像"><a href="#代码演练-i-绘制背景图像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 代码演练 I —— 绘制背景图像</h3> <p><strong>需求</strong></p> <ol><li>加载 <code>background.png</code> 创建背景</li> <li>将 <strong>背景</strong> 绘制在屏幕的 <code>(0, 0)</code> 位置</li> <li>调用屏幕更新显示背景图像</li></ol> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 绘制背景图像</span>
<span class="token comment"># 1&gt; 加载图像</span>
bg <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>load<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/background.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 2&gt; 绘制在屏幕</span>
screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bg<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 3&gt; 更新显示</span>
pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><h3 id="代码演练-ii-绘制英雄图像"><a href="#代码演练-ii-绘制英雄图像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 代码演练 II —— 绘制英雄图像</h3> <p><strong>需求</strong></p> <ol><li>加载 <code>me1.png</code> 创建英雄飞机</li> <li>将 <strong>英雄飞机</strong> 绘制在屏幕的 <code>(200, 500)</code> 位置</li> <li>调用屏幕更新显示飞机图像</li></ol> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 1&gt; 加载图像</span>
hero <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>load<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/me1.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 2&gt; 绘制在屏幕</span>
screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>hero<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 3&gt; 更新显示</span>
pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><p><strong>透明图像</strong></p> <ul><li><code>png</code> 格式的图像是支持 <strong>透明</strong> 的</li> <li>在绘制图像时，<strong>透明区域</strong> 不会显示任何内容</li> <li>但是如果<strong>下方已经有内容</strong>，会 <strong>透过</strong> <strong>透明区域</strong> 显示出来</li></ul> <h3 id="理解-update-方法的作用"><a href="#理解-update-方法的作用" class="header-anchor">#</a> 理解 <code>update()</code> 方法的作用</h3> <blockquote><p>可以在 <code>screen</code> 对象完成 <strong>所有</strong> <code>blit</code> 方法之后，<strong>统一调用一次</strong> <code>display.update</code> 方法，同样可以在屏幕上 <strong>看到最终的绘制结果</strong></p></blockquote> <ul><li>使用 <code>display.set_mode()</code> 创建的 <code>screen</code> <strong>对象</strong> 是一个 <strong>内存中的屏幕数据对象</strong> <ul><li>可以理解成是 <strong>油画</strong> 的 <strong>画布</strong></li></ul></li> <li><code>screen.blit</code> 方法可以在 <strong>画布</strong> 上绘制很多 <strong>图像</strong> <ul><li>例如：<strong>英雄</strong>、<strong>敌机</strong>、<strong>子弹</strong>...</li> <li><strong>这些图像</strong> 有可能 会彼此 <strong>重叠或者覆盖</strong></li></ul></li> <li><code>display.update()</code> 会将 <strong>画布</strong> 的 <strong>最终结果</strong> 绘制在屏幕上，这样可以 <strong>提高屏幕绘制效率</strong>，<strong>增加游戏的流畅度</strong></li></ul> <p><strong>案例调整</strong></p> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 绘制背景图像</span>
<span class="token comment"># 1&gt; 加载图像</span>
bg <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>load<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/background.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 2&gt; 绘制在屏幕</span>
screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bg<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 绘制英雄图像</span>
<span class="token comment"># 1&gt; 加载图像</span>
hero <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>load<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/me1.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 2&gt; 绘制在屏幕</span>
screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>hero<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 3&gt; 更新显示 - update 方法会把之前所有绘制的结果，一次性更新到屏幕窗口上</span>
pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_03-理解-游戏循环-和-游戏时钟"><a href="#_03-理解-游戏循环-和-游戏时钟" class="header-anchor">#</a> 03. 理解 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 和 <strong>游戏时钟</strong></h2> <blockquote><p>现在 <strong>英雄飞机</strong> 已经被绘制到屏幕上了，<strong>怎么能够让飞机移动呢</strong> ？</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_3-1-游戏中的动画实现原理"><a href="#_3-1-游戏中的动画实现原理" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.1 游戏中的动画实现原理</h3> <ul><li>跟 <strong>电影</strong> 的原理类似，游戏中的动画效果，本质上是 <strong>快速</strong> 的在屏幕上绘制 <strong>图像</strong> <ul><li>电影是将多张 <strong>静止的电影胶片</strong> <strong>连续、快速</strong>的播放，产生连贯的视觉效果！</li></ul></li> <li>一般在电脑上 <strong>每秒绘制 60 次</strong>，就能够达到非常 <strong>连续</strong> <strong>高品质</strong> 的动画效果
<ul><li>每次绘制的结果被称为 <strong>帧 Frame</strong></li></ul></li></ul> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/%E6%89%8B%E7%BF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB.gif" alt="手翻书动画"> <img src="media/15025046487919/%E7%8C%AB%E6%83%8A%E8%AE%B6.gif" alt="猫惊讶"></p> <h3 id="_3-2-游戏循环"><a href="#_3-2-游戏循环" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.2 <strong>游戏循环</strong></h3> <h4 id="游戏的两个组成部分"><a href="#游戏的两个组成部分" class="header-anchor">#</a> 游戏的两个组成部分</h4> <blockquote><p><strong>游戏循环的开始</strong> 就意味着 <strong>游戏的正式开始</strong></p></blockquote> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/005_%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97.png" alt="005_游戏主模块-w600"></p> <h4 id="游戏循环的作用"><a href="#游戏循环的作用" class="header-anchor">#</a> 游戏循环的作用</h4> <ol><li>保证游戏 <strong>不会直接退出</strong></li> <li><strong>变化图像位置</strong> —— 动画效果
<ul><li>每隔 <code>1 / 60 秒</code> 移动一下所有图像的位置</li> <li>调用 <code>pygame.display.update()</code> 更新屏幕显示</li></ul></li> <li><strong>检测用户交互</strong> —— 按键、鼠标等...</li></ol> <h3 id="_3-3-游戏时钟"><a href="#_3-3-游戏时钟" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.3 游戏时钟</h3> <ul><li><code>pygame</code> 专门提供了一个类 <code>pygame.time.Clock</code> 可以非常方便的设置屏幕绘制速度 —— <strong>刷新帧率</strong></li> <li>要使用 <strong>时钟对象</strong> 需要两步：
<ul><li>1）在 <strong>游戏初始化</strong> 创建一个 <strong>时钟对象</strong></li> <li>2）在 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 中让时钟对象调用 <code>tick(帧率)</code> 方法</li></ul></li> <li><code>tick</code> 方法会根据 <strong>上次被调用的时间</strong>，自动设置 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 中的延时</li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 3. 创建游戏时钟对象</span>
clock <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span>

<span class="token comment"># 游戏循环</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 设置屏幕刷新帧率</span>
    clock<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    i <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_3-4-英雄的简单动画实现"><a href="#_3-4-英雄的简单动画实现" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.4 英雄的简单动画实现</h3> <p><strong>需求</strong></p> <ol><li>在 <strong>游戏初始化</strong> 定义一个 <code>pygame.Rect</code> 的变量记录英雄的初始位置</li> <li>在 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 中每次让 <strong>英雄</strong> 的 <code>y - 1</code> —— 向上移动</li> <li><code>y &lt;= 0</code> 将英雄移动到屏幕的底部</li></ol> <blockquote><p>提示：</p> <ul><li>每一次调用 <code>update()</code> 方法之前，需要把 <strong>所有的游戏图像都重新绘制一遍</strong></li> <li>而且应该 <strong>最先</strong> 重新绘制 <strong>背景图像</strong></li></ul></blockquote> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 4. 定义英雄的初始位置</span>
hero_rect <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Rect<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">150</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">102</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">126</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 可以指定循环体内部的代码执行的频率</span>
    clock<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 更新英雄位置</span>
    hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">-=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 如果移出屏幕，则将英雄的顶部移动到屏幕底部</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">&lt;=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">700</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 绘制背景图片</span>
    screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bg<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 绘制英雄图像</span>
    screen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>hero<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 更新显示</span>
    pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br></div></div><h4 id="作业"><a href="#作业" class="header-anchor">#</a> 作业</h4> <ol><li>英雄向上飞行，当 <strong>英雄完全从上方飞出屏幕后</strong></li> <li>将飞机移动到屏幕的底部</li></ol> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">if</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">+</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>height <span class="token operator">&lt;=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">700</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><p><strong>提示</strong></p> <ul><li><code>Rect</code> 的属性 <code>bottom = y + height</code></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">if</span> hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>bottom <span class="token operator">&lt;=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    hero_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">700</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_3-5-在游戏循环中-监听-事件"><a href="#_3-5-在游戏循环中-监听-事件" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.5 在游戏循环中 监听 事件</h3> <h4 id="事件-event"><a href="#事件-event" class="header-anchor">#</a> 事件 <code>event</code></h4> <ul><li>就是游戏启动后，<strong>用户针对游戏所做的操作</strong></li> <li>例如：<strong>点击关闭按钮</strong>，<strong>点击鼠标</strong>，<strong>按下键盘</strong>...</li></ul> <h4 id="监听"><a href="#监听" class="header-anchor">#</a> 监听</h4> <ul><li>在 <strong>游戏循环</strong> 中，判断用户 <strong>具体的操作</strong></li></ul> <blockquote><p>只有 <strong>捕获</strong> 到用户具体的操作，才能有针对性的做出响应</p></blockquote> <h4 id="代码实现"><a href="#代码实现" class="header-anchor">#</a> 代码实现</h4> <ul><li><code>pygame</code> 中通过 <code>pygame.event.get()</code> 可以获得 <strong>用户当前所做动作</strong> 的 <strong>事件列表</strong> <ul><li>用户可以同一时间做很多事情</li></ul></li> <li>提示：<strong>这段代码非常的固定</strong>，几乎所有的 <code>pygame</code> 游戏都 <strong>大同小异</strong>！</li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 游戏循环</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 设置屏幕刷新帧率</span>
    clock<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token comment"># 事件监听</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> event <span class="token keyword">in</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>event<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

        <span class="token comment"># 判断用户是否点击了关闭按钮</span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> event<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">type</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>QUIT<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;退出游戏...&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

            pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>quit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

            <span class="token comment"># 直接退出系统</span>
            exit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_04-理解-精灵-和-精灵组"><a href="#_04-理解-精灵-和-精灵组" class="header-anchor">#</a> 04. 理解 <strong>精灵</strong> 和 <strong>精灵组</strong></h2> <h3 id="_4-1-精灵-和-精灵组"><a href="#_4-1-精灵-和-精灵组" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4.1 精灵 和 精灵组</h3> <ul><li>在刚刚完成的案例中，<strong>图像加载</strong>、<strong>位置变化</strong>、<strong>绘制图像</strong> 都需要程序员编写代码分别处理</li> <li>为了简化开发步骤，<code>pygame</code> 提供了两个类
<ul><li><code>pygame.sprite.Sprite</code> —— 存储 <strong>图像数据 image</strong> 和 <strong>位置 rect</strong> 的 <strong>对象</strong></li> <li><code>pygame.sprite.Group</code></li></ul></li></ul> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/006_pygame.Sprite.png" alt="006_pygame.Sprite"></p> <h4 id="精灵"><a href="#精灵" class="header-anchor">#</a> 精灵</h4> <ul><li><p>在游戏开发中，通常把 <strong>显示图像的对象</strong> 叫做精灵 <code>Sprite</code></p></li> <li><p><strong>精灵</strong> 需要 有 <strong>两个重要的属性</strong></p> <ul><li><code>image</code> 要显示的图像</li> <li><code>rect</code> 图像要显示在屏幕的位置</li></ul></li> <li><p>默认的 <code>update()</code> 方法什么事情也没做</p> <ul><li>子类可以重写此方法，在每次刷新屏幕时，更新精灵位置</li></ul></li> <li><p><strong>注意</strong>：<code>pygame.sprite.Sprite</code> 并没有提供 <code>image</code> 和 <code>rect</code> 两个属性</p> <ul><li>需要程序员从 <code>pygame.sprite.Sprite</code> 派生子类</li> <li>并在 <strong>子类</strong> 的 <strong>初始化方法</strong> 中，设置 <code>image</code> 和 <code>rect</code> 属性</li></ul></li></ul> <h4 id="精灵组"><a href="#精灵组" class="header-anchor">#</a> 精灵组</h4> <ul><li>一个 <strong>精灵组</strong> 可以包含多个 <strong>精灵</strong> 对象</li> <li>调用 <strong>精灵组</strong> 对象的 <code>update()</code> 方法
<ul><li>可以 <strong>自动</strong> 调用 <strong>组内每一个精灵</strong> 的 <code>update()</code> 方法</li></ul></li> <li>调用 <strong>精灵组</strong> 对象的 <code>draw(屏幕对象)</code> 方法
<ul><li>可以将 <strong>组内每一个精灵</strong> 的 <code>image</code> 绘制在 <code>rect</code> 位置</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code>Group<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>sprites<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> Group
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><blockquote><p>注意：仍然需要调用 <code>pygame.display.update()</code> 才能在屏幕看到最终结果</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_4-2-派生精灵子类"><a href="#_4-2-派生精灵子类" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4.2 派生精灵子类</h3> <ol><li>新建 <code>plane_sprites.py</code> 文件</li> <li>定义 <code>GameSprite</code> 继承自 <code>pygame.sprite.Sprite</code></li></ol> <p><strong>注意</strong></p> <ul><li>如果一个类的 <strong>父类</strong> 不是 <code>object</code></li> <li>在重写 <strong>初始化方法</strong> 时，<strong>一定要</strong> 先 <code>super()</code> 一下父类的 <code>__init__</code> 方法</li> <li><strong>保证父类中实现的 <code>__init__</code> 代码能够被正常执行</strong></li></ul> <p><img src="media/15025046487919/007_GameSprite.png" alt="007_GameSprite-w398"></p> <p><strong>属性</strong></p> <ul><li><code>image</code> 精灵图像，使用 <code>image_name</code> 加载</li> <li><code>rect</code> 精灵大小，默认使用图像大小</li> <li><code>speed</code> 精灵移动速度，默认为 <code>1</code></li></ul> <p><strong>方法</strong></p> <ul><li><code>update</code> 每次更新屏幕时在游戏循环内调用
<ul><li>让精灵的 <code>self.rect.y += self.speed</code></li></ul></li></ul> <p><strong>提示</strong></p> <ul><li><code>image</code> 的 <code>get_rect()</code> 方法，可以返回 <strong>pygame.Rect(0, 0, 图像宽, 图像高)</strong> 的对象</li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> pygame


<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">GameSprite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sprite<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Sprite<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">&quot;&quot;&quot;游戏精灵基类&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    
    <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">__init__</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">,</span> image_name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> speed<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        
        <span class="token comment"># 调用父类的初始化方法</span>
        <span class="token builtin">super</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>__init__<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        
        <span class="token comment"># 加载图像</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>load<span class="token punctuation">(</span>image_name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token comment"># 设置尺寸</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rect <span class="token operator">=</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>image<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_rect<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token comment"># 记录速度</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>speed <span class="token operator">=</span> speed

    <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">update</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>args<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        
        <span class="token comment"># 默认在垂直方向移动</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>y <span class="token operator">+=</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>speed
        
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_4-3-使用-游戏精灵-和-精灵组-创建敌机"><a href="#_4-3-使用-游戏精灵-和-精灵组-创建敌机" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4.3 使用 游戏精灵 和 精灵组 创建敌机</h3> <p><strong>需求</strong></p> <ul><li>使用刚刚派生的 <strong>游戏精灵</strong> 和 <strong>精灵组</strong> 创建 敌机 并且实现敌机动画</li></ul> <p><strong>步骤</strong></p> <ol><li>使用 <code>from</code> 导入 <code>plane_sprites</code> 模块
<ul><li><code>from</code> 导入的模块可以 <strong>直接使用</strong></li> <li><code>import</code> 导入的模块需要通过 <strong>模块名.</strong> 来使用</li></ul></li> <li>在 <strong>游戏初始化</strong> 创建 <strong>精灵对象</strong> 和 <strong>精灵组对象</strong></li> <li>在 <strong>游戏循环中</strong> 让 <strong>精灵组</strong> 分别调用 <code>update()</code> 和 <code>draw(screen)</code> 方法</li></ol> <p><strong>职责</strong></p> <ul><li>精灵
<ul><li>封装 <strong>图像 image</strong>、<strong>位置 rect</strong> 和 <strong>速度 speed</strong></li> <li>提供 <code>update()</code> 方法，根据游戏需求，<strong>更新位置 rect</strong></li></ul></li> <li>精灵组
<ul><li>包含 <strong>多个</strong> <strong>精灵对象</strong></li> <li><code>update</code> 方法，让精灵组中的所有精灵调用 <code>update</code> 方法更新位置</li> <li><code>draw(screen)</code> 方法，在 <code>screen</code> 上绘制精灵组中的所有精灵</li></ul></li></ul> <h4 id="实现步骤"><a href="#实现步骤" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实现步骤</h4> <ul><li><ol><li>导入 <code>plane_sprites</code> 模块</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">from</span> plane_sprites <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><ul><li><ol start="2"><li>修改初始化部分代码</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 创建敌机精灵和精灵组</span>
enemy1 <span class="token operator">=</span> GameSprite<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/enemy1.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
enemy2 <span class="token operator">=</span> GameSprite<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;./images/enemy1.png&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
enemy2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span>x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">200</span>
enemy_group <span class="token operator">=</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sprite<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Group<span class="token punctuation">(</span>enemy1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> enemy2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><ul><li><ol start="3"><li>修改游戏循环部分代码</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="language-python line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 让敌机组调用 update 和 draw 方法</span>
enemy_group<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
enemy_group<span class="token punctuation">.</span>draw<span class="token punctuation">(</span>screen<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 更新屏幕显示</span>
pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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